"Bargain Well Struck": A Conversation Analysis on the Slave's Euphemized Translation

INTRODUCTION

It is unquestionable that a television series has become an outlet of many memorable lines, which we can recall in any moment of time. These lines of dialogues are scripted and fictional conversations between or among TV characters which are indeed fundamental to how televisual narrative works. Hence, dialogues move the story forward along in the direction of the plotline. In addition, it often illuminates the central theme of the series which is sustained from one season to another, even the forthcoming ones and beyond. Aside from the abovementioned, however, dialogues fulfill this another important function: the revelation of what's there within the character (social differences, intentions and personal stance/s). And this can actually be traced in one of the most, if not the most yet, far-famed drama series that is consumed by millions of viewers worldwide, including us. 

Game of Thrones is the story of a deadly game among powerful houses for control of the Seven Kingdoms of Westeros, and to sit atop the iron throne. Basically, we have chosen this as our material because of our personal inclinations toward the series. Aside from its spectacular storyline, brilliant execution, exceptional casting and great camera work, Game of Thrones has captured us with its highly engaging dialogue that interplay with its respective characters. Honestly, there are so many dialogues in every episode that display exquisite intricacy leaving much of an impression to the viewers--to us. One of the many particular scenes could be on Episode 3 on its third season.

This scene is so compelling by its dialogue which accentuates the rising action of the episode and illuminates each TV character present. A slaver who insists upon a dragon; a queen who is in need of soldiers. Both of them could have been caught up in the chaos of language barrier and might have ended up in a dispute if it is not for Missandei who becomes more than just a servant but turns into a go-between. Accordingly, Huang (2005) pointed out that individuals often avoid taboos, odious ideas, and what are socially complicated by substituting them with polite phrases and accurate words (2005, pp.46-47). And little do we know, we are already using what we called 'Euphemism'. As social tools, euphemism is widely used in every level of society to meet certain communicative needs, show respect, humility, and politeness. These tools could make our speech more expressive and colorful since they adapt speech to different situations (Alkire, 2002). 

The objective of this study is to analyze how the employment of 'Euphemism' in the translation of the slave emphasizes her social status, how it saves one's face through Politeness, and helps the negotiation between the Queen and her Lord to come to a harmonious level.

In order to answer these questions, it is best to use Conversational Analysis as an approach. Conversation analysis draws its conclusion mainly on the discovery of how the participants understand and respond to one another on their turn at talks and how it reveals their intentions, status and stance particularly through its language use, voice and the sequences of their action generated. For these observations, that particular scene in GOT Season 3 Episode 3 thus provides a fertile and challenging ground for conversation analysis.

The Reading of Pas Marquez-Benitez's Dead Stars

Dead Stars, as what Fernandez revealed on her readings, is not only worth a glimmer of tears but a real sense of discovery. Despite years of not having read it, there still lies a certain degree of combined mystery and fascination— the feeling of being exposed repeatedly at something familiar yet it doesn’t fail to give off the sense of new discovery. That is the charm of the short story “Dead Stars” which sprang from the mind of Paz Marquez-Benitez.

We have Alfredo Salazar, the man who, despite the life of luxury he has, is still burdened with this “formless melancholy”. Is it because he impulsively mortgage the hidden possibilities of the future to fill his craving for transient excitement? That the use of force in the hand of Time or of Fate has made him miss the Love? But it is Julia Salas to everyone but Julita only for Alfredo, the woman of his “last spurt of hot blood”. The root of his frequent “neighboring” to the house on the hill that once meant nothing to him. The receiving end of his “something” that he is not free to give. And there’s Esperanza— waiting, the maid who can be in a hurry if only his man does hurry her. The root of Alfredo’s “tumultuous haste” and the receiving end of his “certain placidity of temperament”. In a star-studded sky, which one among shines the brighter? The star that has already been discovered above the “dappled shadow of the trees in the plaza” or the star which has been spotted yet never been discovered above the "open porches of the Martinez yard"?

After the last word has been said, the passage of four years attest that love cannot withstand dignity, expectations and reputation in a society where it is being valued highly. Alfredo marries Esperanza, and he is not somewhere in between wildly unhappiness and wildly happiness— a safe spot for “no stirring up of emotions” which only leads “the man in nowhere”. But that “unforgettable red-and-gold afternoon in early April”, four years ago, repeats itself in the “cool, stilly midnight” of Calle Luz. Julia Salas has not changed much, yet something is gone. Or perhaps, the loss is his?

And as the young moon sets in, he realized that it is all over. The piece of mystery that the other star holds, will be forever in mystery, like Love on his vanished youth— an eternal puzzle that he missed.

Julia Salas, the fire once burned in his heart has now long extinguished. She is Alfredo’s dead love, but she has still a special place in his heart like a star once shone the brightest in the star-studded sky, now long tarnished but still there in its appointed place in the heavens.

The Reading of Virginia Woolf's The Death of the Moth

Think about this:

Have you ever been in that moment-- constantly, when you feel belittled by this disturbing idea that you are just a mere speck of sheer opportunities in a world that is so gigantic?

Perhaps, you have been there when it seems like you are just... too small, so little to be worth consideration. As if you are just something embossed as lightly as possible with nothing but life.

The Death of the Moth, a timeless literary composition of Virginia Woolf written in 1942, plunges into the consequential aspects of two opposing and competing forces of existence-- life and death. This is probably Woolf's attempt to somehow give semblance of order to the ever chaotic concomitance of life with death, as both are presently beyond most of our capabilities to understand.

Right in the beginning, Woolf has succinctly specified which moths in particular are used as a metaphor of human mortality.

"Moths that fly by day are not properly to be called moths..."

The present specimen which supposed to be a nocturnal bead of life in the dusky view, rather excites with its unflagging gusto the countryside ablaze in colors of autumn. It has also described as neither as gay as the butterflies nor somber as their own species. They are more likely in between two contrasting emotions, thus making them seemingly contented with life. Despite the distinguishable gap of two different creatures, both humans and the moths are of that similar vibrant energy which inspires them to go on with their respective lives. However, a perceived insignificance evokes a loose impression that a little in size comes with a little of worth. As this passage reveals:

"One was, indeed, conscious of queer feeling of pity for him. The possibilities of pleasure seemed that morning so enormous and so various that to have only a moth's part in life."

So, just as the world is so big, what are humans to begin with? What remained for us but to do similar things over and over again as if we are programmed to labor persistently during our lifetime for that sense of survival and existence. Thus making us as marvelous and pathetic as the moths. As the persona watches the little excursion of the moth, she also gets distracted upon the movements outside his compartment- the stillness of the season, the rolling in from the fields, and the mischievous soaring of the rooks around the treetop. Then, a parade of thoughts promptly dawns on her as she witnessed the sudden stiffness of the moth. She watches its little attempts to resume his spritely dance but the faltering flapping of his wings settles him into feeble helplessness. And the persona stretches out her pencil then lays it down after, flashing upon her that she stands no chance against the close proximity of the death to the piteous creature on her window. Just as life had been strange a few minutes before, so death now as strange. Then she seemed to say, 

"Death is stronger than I am." 

It is evident that the persona's sympathy goes with the side of death, not really glorifying it but acknowledging the real deal that nothing can outlive Death. But this conviction has been abolished when she said herself that,

"Again, somehow, one saw life, a pure bead." 

Reconsidering this time that putting a fight on life despite the prevalence of death, makes life itself worthy.

During our lifetime, we have been there on that certain spot not bothering to have an equal consideration to the other side since it is out of our sight. Since death seems so distant and inaccessible this evokes a sense of foreboding in us as it is unknown to our perception. But life's ultimate meaning remains obscure unless it is reflected upon in the face of death. 

Breaking Down the Dawn Breaking: A Formalist Analysis on a Literary Text

INTRODUCTION

The short story, "Dawn Breaking" is the literary text under study. This is included on Macario Pineda's anthology Love in the Rice Field and Other Short Stories which is retold in English by Soledad Reyes. This is an interesting story about a dying soldier whose last moments are spent in reminiscences of his past. 

The impression that one draws from the close reading of the text is the narrative technique that the author employs to set the thematic interpretation of the story. If we examine this in terms of formalist approach we see the story dramatizes through the formal features of the text-- plot, structure, and narrative which details the situation the soldier finds himself in and his actual condition. Hence, these literary elements in "Dawn Breaking" can provide us a fertile and challenging ground for a formalist analysis.

In order to examine Pineda's "Dawn Breaking" from a formalist viewpoint, an overview of Formalism should prove useful in clarifying this criticism as a literary approach. Jose Garcia Villa encouraged the aesthetic principle of "art for art's sake" which espouses the idea that the very artfulness of an art can suffice alone its own justification. This principle has from one point to another been crucial to Formalism. Rather than giving emphasis to the relationship of text to its reality, author, and readers, formalist analysis draws its conclusion mainly from the text itself. Significantly, through this study I want to show that the works of Filipino writers are worth studying for.

ANALYSIS

The story begins with a bleak image of that a nightmare, which has seemingly hinted something significant about the situation of the unnamed protagonist. The word 'nightmare' appears twice right at the beginning however the meaning seems to change with its subsequent use. As these passages reveal:

[This is a nightmare. But I will wake up. I have merely fallen asleep. And I am having a nightmare.]

[This is a nightmare. A monstrous lie. A horrible lie the likes of which I have not seen in my life.]

Notice that the former simply describes the literal sense of the nightmare. Words like wake up and fallen asleep support the immediate denotation of the word. While the latter, shows that words have connotative power as this time the 'nightmare' invokes an idea in addition to its primary meaning. The nightmare on the first line is about a bad dream he wishes to escape by waking up but the nightmare on the second line is about worse than a bad dream, a 'monstrous' lie which he have not seen ever. The use of this intense word right from the start of the story foreshadows something about what will happen to the protagonist.

The stress of war exacerbates the universal human need for a sense of idealism, escape, and a vision for fulfillment. And for the soldier, this need fixates on his preoccupation with the past. In the story, Pineda employs two parallel plots that deal with the experiences of the soldier both in the past and the present. The first narrative corresponds with the point of view of the soldier who gives the readers a glimpse into his real inner feelings especially about his past life in the village before the war breaks out. The other one corresponds with the limited narrator who describes the present situation of the soldier particularly his physical condition while he is hovering between life and death in the bleak forest. And here, the moon is the common link between the soldier's past and present as it appears both in the forest and in the village.

Perhaps the most striking part of the story is the consistent use of upper case letter to a common noun. This deliberation of capitalizing the word "moon" carries an interpretative significance otherwise the author would not use this kind of grammatical deviation for no apparent reason.

[How lovely the Moon is on this night of one's impending death!]

In all the above extracts, we can infer that the word "moon" is an important concept in the story. The moon is presented as an imagery in literature and in the story, it seems to embrace its universal representation of the rhythm of time and the phases of human circumstances. The passage of time that the moon is still beaming up in the sky symbolizes the passage of the soldier's life in the world. This is further justified by this line:

[In the fading light, he stares at the face now shrouded with the pallor of death. And from the shadow's lips comes what sounds like a deep sigh.]

The moon also symbolizes hope. This is to say that as long as the moon is still there with its radiance reflecting through his eyes means that he is still breathing a life. Then the last paragraph of the story ends with:

[The light from the Moon has begun to fade. And the rays of the sun heralding the coming of dawn begin to flood the world.]

This paragraph contains two sentences with each having a word "begin". In the first sentence, it is in the form of present progressive tense. This indicates that the light of the moon has started fading but not yet totally faded. On the second sentence, it pertains to the break out of the dawn. Here, we witness the beginning of the two things almost at the same time: The beginning when the light of the moon fades and the beginning when the coming of dawn floods the world. 

At this point, let's find out the symbolism of dawn since it plays a huge part on the story. The "dawn" appears only once on the entire text despite the fact that it is the word on behalf the title. The dawn also appears as a symbolism in literature which suggests a notion of illumination and hope, the beginning of a new day and thus an another chance to live another life. But in the story, the dawn carries a different meaning compared to its usual representation. The dawn instead of being a symbol of hope becomes the indication of death. Looking back from the last paragraph of the story, "the coming of dawn begin to flood the world" means "the coming of death or after the coming of death".

CONCLUSION

The study of literature is and always will be a worthwhile and rewarding endeavor. The idea alone rests upon the dictum that literature is the expression of one's culture and experience. Through literature we learn the innermost feelings and thoughts of people, the truest and most real part of themselves. Thus we gain an understanding not only of others, but more importantly of ourselves and of life itself (Garcia & Barranco, 1980). However, understanding the depth and craftsmanship of a literary text poses many challenges especially when interpretations do not meet at a common point. But the significant polarization of 'socially committed' and 'art for art's sake' dictums could be a departure of critics and scholars alike from the confinement that literature is its own reward and oriented solely to subjective interpretations. The result is a notion of criticism that attempts to establish the relevance of literature beyond the arena of cultural understanding. As Reyes notes in her writings, Earlier texts were heavy on history but inadequate as a way of training the students to do textual analysis. This imbalance between the content and the form can be solved through Formalism. After all, the goal of this literary theory is to examine a literary text from a refreshing perspective, viewing the formal aspects of the texts hitherto unexplored.

Bibliography

Pineda, Macario. "Dawn Breaking" Macario Pineda's Love in the Rice Field and Other Short Stories. Anvil Publishing Inc., 2016, pp. 13-20.

Dobie, Ann. "Formalism" Theory into Practice: An Introductiom to Literary Criticism, Third Edition. Cengage Learning, 2011, pp. 33-51. PDF file.

Reyes, Soledad. “Philippine Literary Studies, 1970-85: Some Preliminary Notes Salungat: a Soledad S. Reyes. Vibal Piblishing House, Inc., 2012, pp. 20-38. PDF file.

Reyes, Soledad. "Theme in the Stories of Macario Pineda" Philippine Studies. 1971. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/42632115. Accessed 22 October 2018.

Dizon, Anacleto. "Macario Pineda" Philippine Studies. Ateneo de Manila University, 1970, pp. 350-363. PDF file.